Citizenship education in England

Citizenship education focuses on the knowledge, skills and understanding to help prepare pupils to play a full and active role in society. In England, it is currently a compulsory part of the national curriculum for secondary school pupils, but not for primary. There have been various calls for this to change, and in 2025 the government announced that it would become compulsory for schools following the national curriculum at key stages 1 through 4 starting in 2028.

Citizenship education in England

House of Lords Appointments Commission: Role and powers

The House of Lords Appointments Commission (HOLAC) vets nominations to the House and recommends non-party political members. While its advice is usually followed, it is not a statutory body and the prime minister can choose to disregard its advice. This briefing provides an overview of the role and powers of the commission and summarises recent debates concerning its reform.

House of Lords Appointments Commission: Role and powers

Health partnerships between the UK and organisations in Africa and Asia

The UK government and health organisations have established numerous health partnerships with organisations in Africa and Asia to support the development of healthcare in those countries. Independent evaluations conclude that many are effective, although some do not result in sustained changes to the broader health system. Recently, there have been concerns for the future of these programmes following reductions in aid funding and the conclusion of programmes without successor schemes.

Health partnerships between the UK and organisations in Africa and Asia

  • In Focus

    Empty homes in England and Wales

    Stakeholders have argued that each empty home removes a property from the housing market at a time of unaffordable rents, rising homelessness, record levels of temporary accommodation use and long waits for social housing. A group of industry stakeholders have called on the government to produce a national empty homes strategy aimed at bringing such properties back into use.

  • In Focus

    Civil service impartiality

    The idea of civil service impartiality, defined as the ability to serve the government of the day without fear or favour, is one of the core values promoted by the civil service code. The cabinet secretary, Dame Antonia Romeo, has recently announced plans to update the code but at the same time reiterated that impartiality remains integral to the work of the civil service.

  • In Focus

    Mental health of agricultural workers

    Surveys suggest that people working in farming tend to have poorer mental health than the general population. While different pieces of research point to different causes of poor mental health among farmers, some causes cited more than once are bad or unpredictable weather and climate, financial pressures, isolation and negative portrayals of farming in the media. The government has said it is improving access to mental health services in rural communities.

  • In Focus

    Reducing gambling harm among young people

    Concerns have been raised about the impact of gambling on children and young people, particularly in relation to online gambling and exposure to advertising. This briefing summarises current regulatory protections for children and vulnerable people in the way gambling is licensed in Great Britain, statistics on gambling participation and gambling harms among children and young adults, and proposals from campaigners, parliamentarians and the government to reduce gambling-related harm.

  • In Focus

    Convention on the Manipulation of Sports Competitions (Macolin Convention): UK ratification

    The Macolin Convention aims to coordinate prevention, detection and sanction of match-fixing and similar fraud internationally. The UK signed in 2018 and intends to ratify in 2026. The government has said the UK already meets the convention’s requirements, but ratification would ensure quick information-sharing and involvement in ongoing governance. The House of Lords International Agreements Committee has reported on the agreement for special attention and debate given its legal and political significance.

  • In Focus

    Sports clubs and enterprise zones

    Enterprise zones and industrial strategy zones are designated areas intended to support local economic growth by offering certain benefits to business and local authorities. The government has also recognised the contribution of sport and sports clubs to the UK economy and local areas. The government has talked about the role of sports stadiums in helping local regeneration, but has not explicitly linked this to enterprise zone status.

  • Research Briefing

    Representation of the People Bill: HL Bill 47 of 2026–27

    The bill is a government bill that would make a range of changes to the legal framework concerning elections, including extending the franchise for UK parliamentary elections and other reserved elections to 16- and 17-year-olds. The bill was amended during both its committee and report stages in the House of Commons, with many of the government’s later amendments implementing recommendations from the Rycroft review on countering foreign financial influence and interference in UK politics.

  • In Focus

    Private members’ bills in the House of Lords

    Members of the House of Lords who are not ministers can introduce private members’ bills. With limited time available, they rarely become law without government, and usually cross-party, support. This briefing provides a profile of private members’ bills in the Lords including examples of the types of private members’ bills introduced and commentary on the reasons why a member might table a private member’s bill.

  • In Focus

    Prison and probation services in England and Wales

    Prison and probation services in England and Wales are facing significant pressures, including limited prison capacity and increasing demands on probation. Parliamentary committees have examined prison conditions, rehabilitation and probation performance, raising concerns about the resilience and effectiveness of both services. The government has responded with reforms including sentencing changes, prison expansion, enhanced offender supervision and additional victim support. However, stakeholders have argued that more must be done.

  • In Focus

    Independent schools: VAT and business rates

    Since 2025, VAT has been charged on private school fees. In addition, most private schools with charitable status in England have lost business rates charitable relief. Estimates published before the changes forecast increased tax revenues and a reduction in private school attendance. Recent data shows lower pupil numbers in the independent sector, though there is debate over the extent to which this reflects the tax measures rather than broader demographic changes.

  • In Focus

    House of Lords Retirement and Participation Committee: Report and proposals

    The House of Lords Retirement and Participation Committee was tasked with looking at options for introducing a retirement age and a participation requirement for members of the House of Lords, following commitments in Labour’s general election manifesto. The committee proposed a maximum retirement age of 80 be phased in over five years from July 2029. It also said members should be required to attend at least 20% of sitting days averaged over two parliamentary sessions.

  • In Focus

    UK fiscal outlook: September 2026

    The UK fiscal outlook is expected to remain challenging as rising borrowing costs could reduce government headroom against its fiscal rules. Spending remains above pre-pandemic levels and the tax take is forecast to reach a historic high within five years. The Burnham government said it would honour Labour manifesto commitments on tax but has promised reform in several areas—such as adult social care—that could add to spending pressures.

Total results (page 1 of 189)