Second chambers around the world: Size and membership
In light of the UK government’s recent proposals to reform the House of Lords, this briefing presents facts and figures comparing the House of Lords with other second chambers around the world.
This House of Lords Library briefing has been prepared in advance of the second reading in the House of Lords of the Democratic Political Activity (Funding and Expenditure) Bill [HL] on 27 October 2017.
Democratic Political Activity (Funding and Expenditure) Bill [HL] (168 KB , PDF)
The Democratic Political Activity (Funding and Expenditure) Bill [HL] is a private member’s bill introduced by Lord Tyler (Liberal Democrat). The Bill received its first reading in the House of Lords on 6 June 2016 and is scheduled to receive its second reading on 27 October 2017.
Setting out the purpose of the Bill, Lord Tyler stated:
This Bill is based on the cross-party draft published by Andrew Tyrie MP, Alan Whitehead MP and Lord Tyler in April 2003, and seeks to fulfil the objectives of the report on this subject by the Committee on Standards in Public Life published in November 2011. The current Bill updates previous proposals to reflect a series of manifesto commitments from all the main political parties to take the big money out of British politics, and takes account of the recommendations of the 2016 Select Committee on Trade Union Political Funds and Political Party Funding. It also reflects recent widespread concern about the adequacy of current constraints on both party donations and campaign spending.
The Bill comprises of 29 clauses and three schedules. It aims to regulate both the funding and expenditure of political parties. This includes making provisions for the phased introduction of a cap on donations to political parties. The Bill also seeks to introduce a limit on non-election expenses incurred by political parties. Further, the Bill outlines the functions of the Electoral Commission, an independent body which regulates political finance in the UK, in enforcing the Bill’s provisions. The provisions would apply to the whole of the United Kingdom.
Democratic Political Activity (Funding and Expenditure) Bill [HL] (168 KB , PDF)
In light of the UK government’s recent proposals to reform the House of Lords, this briefing presents facts and figures comparing the House of Lords with other second chambers around the world.
Former prime minister Theresa May joined the House of Lords in August 2024 after standing down as an MP ahead of the 2024 general election. This followed David Cameron being appointed in November 2023 to serve as foreign secretary. This page lists former UK prime ministers who have held office since 1902, together with information on whether the individuals later received a peerage entitling them to sit in the House of Lords.
Individual members of either House can propose legislation through private members’ bills (PMBs). But with limited time available, they rarely become law without government, and usually cross-party, support. This briefing looks at the 14 PMBs that the then government supported that fell at the end of the 2023–24 session. Government backing was identified by whether a government department had provided explanatory notes.