Second chambers around the world: Size and membership
In light of the UK government’s recent proposals to reform the House of Lords, this briefing presents facts and figures comparing the House of Lords with other second chambers around the world.
This House of Lords Library briefing provides information in support of the House of Lords consideration of the House of Commons Members’ Fund Bill.
House of Commons Members’ Fund Bill 2015–16: Briefing for Lords Stages (126 KB , PDF)
The House of Commons Members’ Fund Bill is a private member’s bill introduced in the House of Commons by Sir Paul Beresford (Conservative MP for Mole Valley) under the ten minute rule. The Bill would update legislation governing the functions of the House of Commons Members’ Fund. The Fund was originally set up in 1939 to provide for discretionary grants to be made by the trustees of the Fund to ex-Members of Parliament who had attained 60 years of age and who had served as MPs for 10 years or more, their widow/ers and orphan children under 16. Subsequent legislation extended the scope of the Fund to authorise the trustees to make grants in cases of special hardship; make discretionary payments; and extended the definition of widow and widowers to include surviving civil partners.
The Bill was introduced as the House of Commons (Administration) Bill on 4 November 2015. Following a number of amendments made during committee stage in the House of Commons, including to the title, the Bill received its third reading in that House on 4 March 2016. The renamed Bill received its first reading in the House of Lords on 7 March 2016. The Bill is currently awaiting second reading.
The Explanatory Notes to the Bill, as introduced in the House of Commons, provide the following overview:
This Bill seeks to simplify and clarify existing legislation relating to the House of Commons Members Fund (HCMF) which is outdated, incomprehensible and rigid. It will streamline administration and reduce costs. The purpose of the Fund has been largely superseded by the introduction of Members’ pensions. The new legislation will reflect the changed and smaller demands on the Fund as the number of its clients dwindles. The Bill will enable flexibility in how the Fund is provisioned, reflecting changes in demands upon it. It will allow the initial repayment of a surplus accumulated due to the existing unsatisfactory arrangements. It will enable Trustees to suspend automatic deductions from Members’ pay and suspend the Treasury contribution when these are not needed.
House of Commons Members’ Fund Bill 2015–16: Briefing for Lords Stages (126 KB , PDF)
In light of the UK government’s recent proposals to reform the House of Lords, this briefing presents facts and figures comparing the House of Lords with other second chambers around the world.
Former prime minister Theresa May joined the House of Lords in August 2024 after standing down as an MP ahead of the 2024 general election. This followed David Cameron being appointed in November 2023 to serve as foreign secretary. This page lists former UK prime ministers who have held office since 1902, together with information on whether the individuals later received a peerage entitling them to sit in the House of Lords.
Individual members of either House can propose legislation through private members’ bills (PMBs). But with limited time available, they rarely become law without government, and usually cross-party, support. This briefing looks at the 14 PMBs that the then government supported that fell at the end of the 2023–24 session. Government backing was identified by whether a government department had provided explanatory notes.